What distinguishes transverse waves from longitudinal waves?

Transverse waves are characterized by the motion of particles in a direction that is perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer. This means that if you imagine a wave traveling horizontally, the particles of the medium move up and down. This perpendicular motion creates crests and troughs, which are hallmark features of transverse waves.

In contrast, longitudinal waves involve particle motion that is parallel to the direction of energy transfer. In these waves, particles compress and rarefy along the same line as the energy is moving, leading to regions of compression and rarefaction.

Understanding this distinction clarifies why the correct answer accurately describes the behavior of transverse and longitudinal waves. The other options present misconceptions about energy transfer and relative speeds of the waves, which do not correctly define the fundamental differences between these two types of waves.