What is a harmonic series in the context of waves?

A harmonic series in the context of waves refers to a collection of frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency, which is the lowest frequency of a wave. When a wave is produced, it vibrates at a fundamental frequency and can also produce higher frequencies that resonate at whole number multiples of this fundamental frequency.

For instance, if the fundamental frequency is 100 Hz, the harmonic series would include frequencies such as 100 Hz (fundamental), 200 Hz (first harmonic), 300 Hz (second harmonic), and so forth. This relationship establishes a predictable structure and contributes to the characteristic sound of instruments, voices, or any harmonic oscillator.

Understanding the harmonic series is crucial in various fields, including music, acoustics, and even signal processing, as it helps explain how complex sounds are constructed and perceived.