What is the definition of a wave?

A wave is defined as a disturbance that travels through space, transferring energy. This definition captures the essential characteristics of waves, which include the ability to propagate through different mediums, such as air, water, and solids. Waves transfer energy without the physical movement of matter over large distances; instead, particles of the medium oscillate around a fixed position, facilitating the energy transfer.

For instance, in a water wave, the water molecules move up and down around their equilibrium position while the wave travels horizontally across the surface. This movement results in energy moving across the water without the water itself traveling long distances. Similarly, in sound waves, the disturbance causes air particles to compress and rarefy, transmitting energy in the form of sound.

The other definitions provided do not align with the conventional understanding of a wave. A static condition of equilibrium describes a state without motion or disturbance, which is contrary to what a wave represents. The notion of a particle moving through the medium does not encompass the concept of energy transfer, as waves can involve different forms of oscillations. A force acting only on liquids is not accurate either because waves also occur in gases and solids, demonstrating their versatility across different states of matter.