What is the primary difference between transverse and longitudinal waves?

Transverse and longitudinal waves are two fundamental types of mechanical waves that differ primarily in the direction of particle displacement relative to the direction of wave propagation. In transverse waves, particles of the medium move perpendicular to the direction in which the wave travels. This means that if the wave moves horizontally, the particles will move up and down. Common examples of transverse waves include light waves and waves on a string.

In contrast, longitudinal waves involve particle displacement that occurs parallel to the direction of wave propagation. In these waves, particles of the medium compress and rarefy in the same direction that the wave moves, typical of sound waves traveling through air.

Therefore, the key distinction lies in this orientation of particle movement: transverse waves feature movement that is perpendicular to wave travel, while longitudinal waves exhibit movement that is parallel. This understanding is essential in the study of wave mechanics, as it helps to classify and analyze different wave behaviors and their interactions with mediums.