Which of the following best describes resonance?

Resonance is best described as the increase in amplitude of a wave when it matches the natural frequency of an object. This phenomenon occurs when a system is driven by an external force at a frequency that aligns with its own natural frequency, resulting in a significant increase in energy transfer.

When an object is subjected to periodic forces that match its natural frequency, it vibrates with greater and greater amplitude. This is commonly observed in musical instruments; for example, when a singer hits a particular note, they can cause a glass to resonate and potentially shatter if the frequency is just right.

This concept is critical in many physical systems, including mechanical, acoustic, and electromagnetic systems, as it can lead to enhanced effects and often requires careful consideration in engineering and design. The other choices do not accurately describe resonance; they relate more to wave behavior such as refraction (changing direction), diffraction (bending around obstacles), or wave interference (combining waves).